Las Vegas Geology Highlights

Federal elections and policy implications in 2012 Research Paper

Government decisions and strategy suggestions in 2012 - Research Paper Example There are frequently various kinds of government arrangements in the United States. These strategies are typically partitioned by the topic. The strategy issues Almanac gives the foundation whereupon data, interfaces, and chronicled archives to cardinal America’s open arrangement issues are sorted out and classified (Gleick, Christian-Smith, and Cooley 13). The United States has partitioned its open strategies into nine classifications: †¢ Criminal equity that incorporate capital punishments, medicate strategies, and firearm controls †¢ Cultural and social strategies including fetus removal, workmanship, and social liberties †¢ Economic undertakings strategies that incorporate charges and financial plans †¢ Education strategies that fuse basic, auxiliary, and advanced education †¢ Environmental strategies that focus on a dangerous atmospheric devation and nature of air †¢ Government activity strategies that administer the battle financing changes and the privatization †¢ Health care strategies that incorporate medical coverage and Medicare †¢ Social government assistance strategy that manages standardized savings and government assistance †¢ Foreign undertakings and national security approaches that administer spending on the national guard ... Prominently, during the 2007 races, president Obama guaranteed much on the financial recuperation. Toward the finish of his first residency, it appears that he didn't convey completely as he had guaranteed and the economy that was influenced by Bush approaches organizations despite everything moved to the more regrettable. These realities have made the monetary illicit relationship strategy environmentâ quite unstable for either party (Coleman 127). Notwithstanding who could have won the 2012 presidential races, the financial undertaking strategy condition despite everything stays warmed. Moreover, the wellbeing arrangement was likewise a noteworthy issue in the 2012 presidential battles. In spite of the distinctions in suppositions concerning the suitable medicinal services arrangements to be instituted, sooner or later Mitt Romney at one point concurred with certain components of the Obamacare (Gleick, Christian-Smith, and Cooley 21). Despite these understandings in sentiments, th e wellbeing issues strategy condition additionally stayed a warmed battle all through the crusade time frame. Different strategies were seen as one gathering or presidential hopefuls appear. For example, president Obama basically tended to the social and society approach on same sex marriage. In any case some critical strategies were not given concentrationâ they merited. For example, the earth strategy is an extreme approach that undermines United States as well as the whole globe. The natural strategies are the worries of the residents since from the 2008 political races; it appeared the definite method of giving the modest vitality elective (Gleick, Christian-Smith, and Cooley 54). The 2008 presidential crusade caught the consideration of various Americans since the â€Å"DRILL, infant, drill† guaranteed Americans modest and solid vitality that should have been created at home rather

AAPI Writing - Writing AAPI Using AAPI Language

AAPI Writing - Writing AAPI Using AAPI LanguageProfessional, detailed and formal writing is one of the main tasks of AAPI reflection paper. They are a reflection of our culture and heritage, a reflection of our past and a source of pride for us as we learn from them and take care of them.The written word holds an incredible weight in our daily lives, in the history of our nation and in the cultural history of our country. There are so many important historical documents and traditions that are not written down that are written in everyday spoken and written language that we speak. And that is where the AAPI reflection paper comes in. It reflects the cultural heritage of our people and the rich knowledge that has been passed down to us.It is formal, professional and can be very formal, but it can also be informal and personal. It can be written by someone who is an administrator, or it can be written by someone who is a student or it can be written by someone who is a professor. It ca n be written by someone who is a professional and anyone can write a AAPI reflection paper. It does not matter what type of person it is that writes the AAPI reflection paper; it's just a reflection.The most important aspect of this process is that you are familiar with the literature of your ancestors. You can learn about their lives, and you can learn how they lived, and what their beliefs were. But it will not do you any good if you know nothing about it.Reading those books, researching those names, is easy if you learn the language. It doesn't matter if you have always been a fluent English speaker, if you don't have to speak a lot of English, you can pick up a phrase here and there, and you can still pick up all the key vocabulary that will help you in your writing. So much of writing is finding and using those key words that make it easy for you to say what you need to say.Expression is another factor in the presentation of a document. It is the way that you express your feeli ngs, your thoughts, your ideas, your observations and your opinions. It is the expression of a feeling, a thought, a feeling in writing and that's why we have a shorthand for expressing ourselves.When you use a system of shorthand, you are using free vernacular that is convenient for you and is consistent. In this case, that would be the system of AAPI reflection paper, AAPI and the abbreviation for American Indian.If you are working on the final draft of your AAPI writing, be sure that the writer is writing in AAPI. Be sure that the person writing your AAPI reflection paper is actually writing in AAPI. If they're not, you may want to look for another author.

The Civil Rights And Liberties Essay - 1343 Words

With all that has been examined, it is somewhat troubling to see that 21st century America today is very similar to America from the 1960’s. While it is true that Black Americans have gained civil rights and liberties, it is the current state of American society itself—as well as white fright—that dismisses these rights. The most infamous example of this is, of course, police shootings. Since the Trayvon Martin case, the United States seems to have exploded with more police shootings in which white police officers shoot unarmed black men. According to Mapping Police Violence, â€Å"Police killed at least 102 unarmed black people in 2015, nearly twice each week† (Police Violence). Indeed, America is now like the 1950’s because while Black Americans are now free to vote, walk in public, and partake in public programs of U.S. society, certain institutions still attempt to suppress their rights. This attempting at suppression of Black civil rights, mor eover, can be attributed to white fright. The violent reaction to more Black Americans in the public sector—schools, entertainment, politics, etc.—can be said to be a consequence of white fright. Generally speaking, â€Å"white fright,† may be defined as the fear of white, working middle-classmen whose liberties would be replaced by the liberties of some â€Å"other.† This â€Å"other,† may be Black Americans, Asian Americans, immigrants, and anyone else who does not fulfill the historical, ideological definition of â€Å"white man† since the Civil WarShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1149 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Role Does Our Civil Liberty and Rights Play In Our Government System? Have you ever put some thought into how our Civil Liberties and Civil Rights work in our system or even attempt to figure out what they are? Our government system comprises Civil Liberties and Rights that are similar in ways and different in others, but one of them can have the most influence on your life. 1 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights are rights that we have as Americans. Civil Liberties are basic rights and freedoms thatRead MoreCivil Rights And Civil Liberties1157 Words   |  5 PagesSharifian 01 Oct. 2017 Civil rights and civil liberties Every citizen of the country is bounded and benefited with the freedom of Civil rights and Civil liberty. Civil right is the right of the citizen to be equally and fairly treated by the government, written in the 14th Amendment. Civil right moment was mainly focused only on the slaved, African American people. Then civil liberties firstly, not only protected the rights of African American people, it also included the right of gay, lesbian and femaleRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1500 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment One: Civil Liberties v. Civil Rights Linsey (Lins) Morgan - Student ID: 3104067 GOVT - 2305 - 71063 Northlake College Had I been born a mere 60 years earlier, I would likely be in jail. Before discussing the U.S. Supreme Court decision which has preserved my freedom, I would like to examine the nature of civil rights and civil liberties. Next, we will look at some of the historical context which would have found me jailed. Lastly, we will conclude by looking at the impact of the U.S. SupremeRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1318 Words   |  6 Pageschanges in order to protect the rights of U.S. citizens. Moreover, these changes have occurred by much insistence and court cases from the people. Out of these changes, civil rights and civil liberties have erupted in order to protect the lives of citizens even more. Who we are as citizens of the United States can be characterized by the concept of civil rights and civil liberties, the idea that the constitution protects the major rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights, marginalized groups, the secondRead MoreCivil Liberties And The Civil Rights 902 Words   |  4 Pagescountry. This is where our civil sequences: Liberties and Rights, keep our country intact. 1 Both Civil Liberties and Rights are granted and defined in the Constitution. We must continue enforcing our civil sequences to maintain order for ourselves, our states, our government, and our nation. Civil Liberties focus on our basic freedoms as Americans and Civil Rights are concerned with rights regarding the treatment of an individual. 2 Definitely a Civil Liberty is ‘the basic right to be free from unequalRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1081 Words   |  5 Pages1 McGahey 3 Megan McGahey Sherry Sharifian GOVT 2305 71430 20 September 2017 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights In the U.S. most use the terms Civil Liberties and Civil Rights interchangeably; although they both protect the freedom of citizens they do this in different ways. 2 Civil Liberties are limitations placed on the government. These are things the government is restricted to do, by the constitution. Things that could interfere with personal freedom. 3 For example, the 1st amendment says thatRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights960 Words   |  4 Pagesvoting are very important aspects of shaping the government. Without certain civil rights being granted by the government, these important rights of expression and suffrage would not exist. There is a difference between civil liberties and civil rights in relation to the government. Civil liberties refer to an individual’s unalienable freedoms that cannot be taken away by political intervention. On the other hand, civil rights are provided by the government in order to promote equality. This ideologyRead MoreCivil Rights And Civil Liberties910 Words   |  4 PagesSept/30/2017 Civil rights v. Civil Liberties Civil rights and civil liberties are the rights and freedom both made for good of communities and country. Both are introduced to benefit citizen of the country. A Civil right is mainly about the fair treatment with every person which is protected by the fourteenth amendment. â€Å"It was first introduced after civil right movement which was mainly about the true equality among African American who were mainly treated as slaves.† (1, FindLaw). But now the civil rightRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1365 Words   |  6 PagesCivil Liberties E valuation America, a country founded on civil liberties and civil rights which are very strongly protected by law. The United States constitution specifically address the rights and freedoms that all Americans are guaranteed. Now over 200 hundred years later, the United States has rapidly grown, global travel has become more efficient, and threats that were not even imagine now exist. The question that many Americans ask today is has this changed our perception on our civil libertiesRead MoreCivil Rights and Civil Liberties1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery and African American slaves gained their freedom during the Civil War; however, this did not mean they were fully integrated into American society. After the war, Southern Whites faced a crisis. The emancipation of slaves and the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of citizenship undermined their assertion that citizenship was for Whites only. The clear line between Whites who ruled and Blacks who were rul ed became vulnerable. Since Whites slave owners could no

The First Starbucks Store - 2811 Words

The first Starbucks store was set up in 1971 by three individuals who had a common liking for coffee and exotic teas- Jerry Baldwin, History teacher Zev Seigel and writer Gordon Bowker. The store was named Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice in the tourist’s Pikes Place Market in Seattle. However, later the name was changed to Starbucks Coffee Company. The logo was designed to be a two tailed mermaid encircled by the store’s name. The name was inspired from the coffee loving character in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick The store was a success with excellent sales records and thus several Starbucks stores mushroomed in several parts of the US. Howard Schultz later joined the company as a marketing executive and then acquired it in 1987.In 1992†¦show more content†¦The study enumerates the challenges faced by the company, the various alternatives it has and what factors it takes into consideration before making a final decision so as to minimize its risk and maximize profit. Some premium brands also may do well in certain developed nations where people have higher purchasing power and may not do as well in emerging countries. Starbucks has been able to be very successful in China just like in the US despite the vast cultural difference. A similar model can be adopted in India which just like China is a tea loving country. The potential of growth is a lot in these emerging countries and it is important to formulate effective strategies to be successful here because the local market in the US is slowly getting saturated. Starbucks has always followed very stringent measures to ensure the highest quality be it the coffee beans it uses or the layout of its stores. As a result the organizational structure is vertically integrated and all processes like sourcing roasting and distributing is done through the company owned stores. The coffee producing locations are very carefully chosen and the processes used for roasting them are very exact. The beans which do not meet standards or those that remain in the bin for more than one week are donated to charity. This is another decision making criterion which needs to be considered during expansion since the choice of not sourcing locallyShow MoreRelatedStarbucks Opened Its First Store1186 Words   |  5 PagesAbout the Company Starbucks opened its first store in 1971 in the city of Seattle, Washington. Three men by the names of Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker came up with idea of the shop from Alfred Peet, also known from Peet’s Coffee Fame (Starbucks, 2015). In the beginning Starbucks only sold coffee beans and equipment and not so much the beverages they are known for these days. By 1981, Starbucks acquired Howard Scuhltz to be their Director of Retail Operations. Shortly after he startedRead MoreEffect on Starbucks Store Design on Consumer Behavior in China1634 Words   |  7 PagesHow Starbucks store design affect its consumer behavior in China. Starbucks Corporation is an American global coffee company, coffeehouse chain stores that adapt Italian-style coffeehouse. It is the largest multinational chain of coffee shops with 20,366 stores in 61 countries, including 13,123 in the United States and 732 stores in China. The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971 by three partners: English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegl, and writer GordonRead MoreCoffee and Starbucks1360 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Company Profile Starbucks Corporation is an American global coffee company and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 20,366 stores in 61 countries, including 13,123 in the United States, 1,299 in Canada, 977 in Japan, 793 in the United Kingdom, 732 in China, 473 in South Korea, 363 in Mexico, 282 in Taiwan, 204 in the Philippines, and 164 in Thailand. Starbucks locations serve hot and cold beveragesRead MoreStarbuck Coffee Corporation Stands Alone1233 Words   |  5 Pagescompanies in the coffee industry, but there is nothing like Starbucks. Starbucks Corporation is an international company of coffee founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker. Starbucks has taken a coffee bean and turned it into beverages that people around the world crave. They are the leading competitor in the coffee industry, and our well known for their quality and customer service. Starbucks has changed the world with their products, their pricing, theirRead MoreStarbucks SWOT Analysis1001 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks SWOT analysis allows the company to see their current position in the coffee industry. The company’s strengths are that it is a market leader In the coffee industry, it has 16,859 stores by the end of the year 2010 and continues to grow (Starbucks Corporation, 2010) a second strength is the e xpansion rate they have of opening stores internationally and domestically the only fault with the expansion is that they are opening stores that are right next to others and losing money in each storeRead MoreStarbucks in Japan1077 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium-roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 17,000 stores, 40% of which are in 50 countries outside the United States. In 1995, with 700 stores across the US, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. The first target market was Japan. The potential for coffee sales in Japan is significant. The Japanese economy is the third to the United StatesRead MoreStarbucks : A Strong Shaper Of A People Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesexecutive officer and chairman of Starbucks keep respect for every local culture. He summed it up when he said, â€Å"We remain highly respectful of the culture and traditions of the countries in which we do business. We recognize that our success is not an entitlement, and we must continue to earn the trust and respect of customers every day.† Starbucks could not have predicted the enormous change it was about to go t hrough almost 20 years ago. There are more than 24,000 stores in 70 countries, and it is clearRead MoreStarbucks Keeps It Brewing in China1603 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 1: Starbucks Keeps It Brewing In China Shianne Dance Edwards Strayer University Marketing 510 Professor Karen Mountain January 20, 2013 How I love the smell of a fresh cup of Starbucks coffee to get the day started. As a coffee lover, I often venture to Starbucks to meet my caffeine needs. Starbucks began as a single storefront located in Seattle’s Pike Place Market. As of July 2012, the company has 17, 651 stores in 60 different countries around the worldRead MoreStarbucks Case Study Business Policy1042 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrated Business Policy and Strategy First Short Case Report Group STARBUCKS OVERVIEW Starbucks is the world’s most successful transnational coffeehouse. Established in 1971, Starbuck’s overwhelming success has led it to operate more than 17,000 stores, recording 2011 revenues of $17 billion at approximately a 15% profit margin. This case report will explore what has allowed Starbucks to dominate the coffeehouse market and the opportunities and threats for future operation. CAUSES OFRead MoreStarbucks in Japan1105 Words   |  5 Pages 13716002514600Case Study – Starbucks in Japan 00Case Study – Starbucks in Japan 2775585164592000 Executive Summary Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium-roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 17,000 stores, 40% of which are in 50 countries outside the United States. In 1995, with 700 stores across the US, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. The first target market was Japan. The potential

Ethical and Social Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Ethical and Social Marketing. Answer: Introduction Ethical marketing means the use of good values and moral guidelines in the process of marketing. Use of marketing ethics helps the society as a whole both in short and long term. Ethical standards are very important in business, particularly where online marketing has become vital source of income to the organization. In the age of internet organization information can be seen by everyone (Sirgy, 2001). Therefore, any false information published by the organization can lead to adverse impact on the future revenue. Ethical issues in the marketing can arise due to conflicts of interest in parties involved in the business with each other. It is true that each party in the business deal has its own expectation on how the relationship should be carried out. In this paper, various ethical issues in the marketing will be discussed along their impact on the organization. To explain ethical issues in detail, two Australian companies will be taken and marketing issues faced by them will be elaborated. Different Ethical Issues in the Marketing Issues Ethical marketing refers to the philosophy that guides all the marketing efforts and it does not mean marketing strategy used by the organization. Use of false advertising is the most common issue in the marketing process and mostly people are aware of the exaggerated products and do not indulge in such business transactions (Burrow and Fowler, 2015). In the todays world, companies involving in the unethical practicing of marketing may be caught and can be punished. There various ways to promote the unethical marketing and these practices may lead to wrong information to people. Various ways to unethical marketing Stereotyping: Organizations are involved in ways to promote their products to the specific group of users. In order to promote such product they use stereotyping marketing to show the product as appealing to their desired target market. Stereotyping can be seen in advertising that contains children where boys are shown as rough or aggressive and girl are shown as more feminine. There are market campaigns that use particular group of people in the stereotypical roles (Preedy and Wise, 2003). For example, in case washing powder advertisement women are portrayed as housewives who are surrounded by the laundry and washing the cloths. This campaign targets the housewives as their target market and excludes males from such ads. Such unethical advertisements leads to negative impressions in the minds of other class of people but it can be familiar for the organizations as it increases the sales target and also lead to potential consumers (Linett, 2007). So stereotypical marketing in the com mercial ads means full of possessions that led to fulfillment and happiness. Subliminal Messaging: It is now the general practice of organizations to insert the subliminal messages in the marketing ads in order to manipulate the thinking of the customers. Such false message changes the thinking power of consumers and they are diverted from the real truth and are leaded towards the goal of organization (Hoffman, 2005). There are various examples of such unethical marketing in the Australian market and organizations in Australia are using this marketing strategy to increase the customer base and divert the people from the real cause of products (Darouni, 2002). As published in Australian media, people in Australia are willing to pay more for the brand that promote goods using the ethical practices of marketing and are avoiding the brands that are using false message in their campaign (Chan, 2016). So, unethical marketing can be good in short run but proves to be adverse in long run. Exploiting Social Paradigm: There are certain advertisements that are causes adverse harm to the society moral values at large. The cultural and ethnic values of certain group of people find some campaigns against their moral values and beliefs (George and Wilding, 2013). For example, in promoting the luxury car by the driver that can lure or charm the sexy woman can put the question mark on the cultural values of the society and can lead to wrong message to the society. The message provided in this advertisement means that woman can be impacted the financial success of the man not by his behavior and moral values (Nguyen and Rowley, 2015). Vulnerable Audiences: Organizations are willing to promote such marketing strategies that target that section of society that earns more 70 % of total GDP. In short, organization only wants to sell their to the people who can afford them with ease and put aside such people who even cant think of it. Such way of advertising explore the negative human behavior and follows the dividing policy on the basis of class of people (Linett, 2007). Targeting the people for the unhealthy fast food and snack will lead to society that only loves fast food. It will promote obesity in the society and large number of people will be impacted through such unethical marketing policies. There is publication in the Australian media, that to have the good life you have to earn good (Long, 2016). There are certain people who spent a single penny on thinking that what maximum can be achieved through such money. Ethical Issues in Marketing in context with Australian Companies The major example that can be cited in the context of practicing deceptive marketing practices includes of Volkswagen. Volkswagen enjoys good brand reputation worldwide but has been involved in case of breaking Australian Consumer Law. The company was found guilty in case of inculcating unethical marketing practice by promoting its diesel cars as low emission vehicles. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is investigating the unethical marketing practices of the company on two bases, that is, providing misleading information to the consumers and breaching of mandatory standards through the implementation of defeat devices. These defect devices were used by the company in passing the emission tests in diesel vehicles (Thompson, 2015). The scandal had negatively impacted the brand image and goodwill of the company globally. It has resulted in causing loss of billion of dollars to the company and decline of its sales and profitability. The adoption of such type of busin ess practices by Volkswagen represents the case of exposing consumers to false, misleading and deceptive representations. Another example that can be cited in this regard is of Calvin Klein Company in Australia. The company is recognized as a clothing retailer in the country and holds a good brand reputation worldwide. The use of sexual content in launching the denims has highlighted the unethical marketing practices followed by the company. The brand has featured youths sexting and sending sexually explicit messages in its advertising for jeans that has put questions on the ethics and morals of the company. The company was believed to promote more than its denim products though display of such advertisements (Hagenbuch, 2015). The sexual content in advertisements of the company has become more explicit in the recent years. This has negatively impacted the goodwill of the company across the world thus negatively damaging its brand reputation. Thus, the above two examples emphasized on the importance of inculcating ethical practices in marketing strategy of business organizations. The adoption of false and deceptive marketing practices leads only to negatively impacting the brand reputation of the companies. The companies should abide by the statement of standards and values that guides and directs their organizational behavior. Each and every organization should develop their own codes of conduct and moral obligations that should strictly adhere to and thus restraining themselves from implementing unethical business practices. The development of standard codes of conduct proves to be very useful for the organizations to maintain good public relations, protect the interest of employees and gain customer satisfaction. Developing trust and goodwill in the mind of customers is very essential for the survival and growth of an organization. Thus, organizations should restrain themselves from indulging in any type of unethical p ractices as seen in the case of Volkswagen and Calvin Klein with the aim of maximizing their profitability. The organizations should also monitor and review the performance of the employees to identify the adoption of standard codes of ethical conduct by them. The organizations should provide ethical training to the employees so that they can effectively resolve ethical dilemmas faced by them and work according to the rules of conduct. The organizations should adopt more transparency in their business operations for promoting ethical behavior. The above two examples emphasized on deceptive marketing practice relating to the use of unethical advertisements that provides misleading and provoking information to the people. Conclusion The above two examples have highlighted the importance of adopting ethical advertisements marketing practices in business organizations. Ethical advertisements are more important for building trust of consumers and thus achieving their satisfaction. References B Nguyen and C Rowley Ethical and Social Marketing in Asia (Chandos Publishing, 2015). C Long., Ethical shopping: a good life doesn't have to cost the Earth (2016) [Online]. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/money/saving/ethical-shopping-a-good-life-doesnt-have-to-cost-the-earth-20160721-gqatof.html Accessed 23rd August 2016. D Hagenbuch., Calvin Kleins new sexting ads are not only unethical, they may not even be effective (2015) [Online]. Available at: https://theconversation.com/calvin-kleins-new-sexting-ads-are-not-only-unethical-they-may-not-even-be-effective-45676 Accessed 23rd August 2016. J Burrow and A Fowler, Marketing, (Cengage Learning, 2015). J Chan. , Australia: Ethical consumption bogged down by affordability, availability, apathy (2016) [Online]. Available at: https://www.campaignasia.com/article/australia-ethical-consumption-bogged-down-by-affordability-availability-apathy/428351 Accessed 23rd August 2016. J Thompson. Despite the recent scandals, 'business ethics' isn't a contradiction in terms (2015). [Online]. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-05/thompson-business-ethics-isn't-a-contradiction-in-terms/6827488 Accessed 23rd August 2016. K Darouni, Advertising and marketing communications in the Middle East (Notre Dame University Press, 2002). K Hoffman, Marketing principles and best practices (Thomson/South-Western, 2005). M Linett, Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness (Cambridge University Press, 2007). M Preedy and C, Wise., Strategic Leadership and Educational Improvement (SAGE Publications, 2003). M Sirgy, Handbook of Quality-of-Life Research: An Ethical Marketing Perspective (Springer Science Business Media, 2001). V George and P Wilding, Ideology and Social Welfare (Routledge, 2013).

Martin free essay sample

Martin, a behavior analyst, is working with Sara, a 14-year-old girl with severe developmental delays who exhibits self-injurious behavior (SIB). The self-injurious behaviors included pulling her hair, biting her arm and banging her head against the wall. After conducting a functional analysis, Martin decided to employ an intervention program consisting of differential reinforcement of other (DRO) desired behavior. Martin collected data on Saras SIB before and during the intervention. Below is a depiction of the data that Martin collected: Sara’s Frequency of SIB BASELINE Occurrences DRO Occurrences 22 5 25 5 27 3 26 2 Address the following questions, and complete the following requirements: 1. Create a basic line graph using Microsoft Excel, to be included in your Word document. The graph should depict the data provided in this case study. You should only need to create one graph, with SIB depicted, both in baseline and in intervention. 2. What type of research design did Martin employ when working with Sara? The research design that Martin implemented when working with Sara is the A-B Design. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The A-B Design has just two phases: baseline and treatment, where A = baseline and B = treatment (Miltenberger, p. 47). An A-B Design is used in ABA research and can be used to compare a baseline and treatment method to determine whether the behavior changed in the expected way after treatment. According to the data, did the intervention that Martin selected work in modifying Saras self-injurious behavior? Based on the information on the graph, at baseline, the score or rate of biting, hair pulling and head banging was 22, 25, 27 and 26, respectively. Thus, a significant deduction is reflected in the data at intervention with scores or rates at 5, 5, 3 and 2 respectively. Basically, on a line graph as the scores on the Y axis increase, those on the X axis decreased. 1. Martin had considered using an ABAB reversal design when working with Sara. What are some ethical implications of selecting a reversal design when working with the type of behavior problems that Sara was exhibiting? A number of considerations must be taken into account when deciding to use ABAB. Some ethical implications when selecting a reversal design such as ABAB when working with the type of behavior problems that Sara exhibiting is â€Å"it may not be ethical to remove the treatment in the second baseline if the behavior is dangerous (e. g. , self-injurious behavior)† (p. 50). â€Å"Second, you must be fairly certain that the level of the behavior will reverse when treatment is withdrawn. If the behavior fails to change when the treatment is withdrawn, a functional relationship is not demonstrated† (p. 50). A number of considerations must be taken into account in deciding whether to use the A-B-A-B research design. First, it may not be ethical to remove the treatment in the second baseline if the behavior is dangerous (e. g. , self-injurious behavior). Second, you must be fairly certain that the level of the behavior will reverse when treatment is withdrawn. If the behavior fails to change when the treatment is withdrawn, a functional relationship is not demonstrated. Another consideration is whether you can actually remove the treatment after it is implemented. For example, if the treatment is a teaching procedure and the subject learns a new behavior, you cannot take away the learning that took place. (For a more detailed discussion of considerations in the use of the A-B-A-B design, see Bailey [1977], Bailey and Burch [2002], Barlow and Hersen [1984], Gast [2009], and Kazdin [2010]. ) From an ethical perspective, Hastings and Noone (2005) explain some ethical implications associated with the ABAB design. They acknowledge research that shows behavior modification procedures can lead to effective outcomes; a large number of single cases studies report treatment of severe behavioral problems (p. 336). However, they cite a key concern in behavior modification practices, particularly with the ABAB design. For example, according to Hastings and Noone, the emergence of behavior from the same response class could lead to another self-injury or problem behavior. In addition, treatment fidelity is an ethical concern related to the extent to which a program or measure is implicated accurately. Further, they cite a number of other ethical principles including using the least restrict measures when working with persons with disabilities. They assert that although punishment measures are not ruled out, the researcher is encouraged to select the most socially-valued outcome focused on three basic components: (a) the significance of the treatment, (b) the acceptability of the treat, and (c) the effectiveness. They assert that since the Behavior Analysts Certification Board (BAC B) that sets guidelines for responsible conduct of behavioral analysts are not clear; researchers and practitioners are to practice based on the understanding that the dignity of the participant(s) will be maintained There may be an increase in the negative behavior. For example, Ayllon Arzin (1980) as cited in Christensen Sanders (1987) expanded the A-B design to an A-B-A-B, or reversal design that allows the researcher to confirm a treatment effect by with changes of no treatment at baseline. They found that relative to the change that took place with the first treatment (B) when treatment was withdrawn from the second base line (A), it was difficult to assess the change as in the case of Ayllon Arzin; the treatment actually increased the negative behavior. 3. Martins supervisor requested this graph of the data he collected when working with Sara. Why are graphs useful in evaluating behavioral change? The frequency of the self-injurious behavior (e. g. , biting, hair pulling, banging of head) is represented on the Y axis, and the number of observation (e. g. days, minutes, frequency, etc. ) is represented on the X axis. The graph is easier to follow and the graph provides a good visual to the individuals habit. 4. Discuss what a functional relationship is and how an ABA professional would use his/her understanding of functional relationships when designing an intervention. Identify whether the graph that your created using the data provided in this section depicts a functional relationship. A functional relationship is when a researcher shows that a behavior modification procedure causes a target behavior to change (p. 47). How an ABA professional would use his/her understanding of functional relationships when designing an intervention. The way in which an ABA professional would use his/her understanding of functional relationships when designing an intervention is that the design should involve both treatment implemented and replication. The research design that Martin implemented when working with Sara is the A-B Design. The A-B Design is a two phase design consisting of baseline phase (A) and treatment phase (B). It allows for evaluation of pre-intervention and intervention problem status.